Strategy Prospects Chinese Investment in Africa and the West: Political Dilemma and Geostrategic Changes

 

By Dr. Salam Al Rabadi

     The expansion of Chinese transnational corporations influence globally does not deviate from the context of the strategic plans adopted by the Chinese state to secure its vital economic and political sphere. It is clear that the investment strategies of Chinese companies are based on making China a global economic, political and military power.

     Therefore, it can be said that these investment policies inevitably reflect China’s vision of how to achieve long-term political and economic goals. On this basis, it seems that the influence of Chinese investments on the African continent represents a geostrategic change that will upset many global economic and political balances at all levels and in all areas.

      Chinese investments have expanded their scope of work across the continent, and the volume of trade between China and Africa is increasing at a very high rate. Where during the summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) held in Beijing in September 2024, China pledged to implement about 30 infrastructure projects across the continent and provide financing and support worth about 51$ billion over the 3 years(2025-2028).

     The trade volume between China and Africa currently amounts to approximately 167$ billion (in the first half of 2024), with Chinese exports estimated at 97$ billion, compared to African exports worth 69$ billion. At present, there are more than 10,000 Chinese companies operating across the continent and are active in all sectors (technology, infrastructure, mining, agriculture, rare metals, green energy, etc.) and the number of Chinese citizens in Africa is estimated at about two million people, and they are the largest foreign community inhabiting the continent.

     Consequently, as a result of the growing influence of Chinese investments, it has become clear that there is a Sino-Western competition within Africa, as there are serious geopolitical questions and concerns in the West about the repercussions of these huge investments, which fall within China’s political vision of the state. We can infer this competition by following the West’s attempt to work to counter China’s initiative, called the “Belt and Road” or New Silk Road, especially in its African aspect. 

     Therefore, from the monitoring of this strategic conflict related to these investments, which is based on the principle of transcending traditional political and economic confrontations, it is no longer possible to ignore many of the problematic revolving around the West's attempt to involve issues related to sustainable development in this conflict, especially at the level of issues related to governance, transparency and the fight against corruption, environmental standards, human rights, etc.

     This is through the West directing many accusations and harsh criticisms at Chinese investments for not adhering to and complying with sustainable development standards in Africa. Here the following logical questions can be asked:

•         What are the dimensions and repercussions of Western accusations against China that its investments in Africa violate sustainable development and human rights standards?

•         Are there now purely political trends in dealing with Chinese investments instead of trends based on how to help promote sustainable development policies in all their dimensions on the African continent?

    Assuming that these investments do not fall outside the realm of competition between China and the West, we must draw attention to the problematic of the political dimension in Western criticism of Chinese investments in terms of their neglect of sustainable development standards on the African continent, especially in failed states. 

     This problematic becomes clearly visible when tracing the emphasis on the adoption of strict environmental standards and commitment to sustainable governance that Western countries are trying to impose on many countries that have investment relationships with China. This is with the aim of trying to limit China's economic and investment capacity and power.

     For example, sustainable development policies that focus on reducing emissions and transitioning to clean energy are being leveraged to limit the expansion of heavy industries in China and developing countries that rely on them for rapid economic growth. While developed countries continue to monopolize advanced clean energy technologies, enhancing their economic and technological control.

     In sum, it seems clear that there is a political and economic exploitation of the concepts of sustainable development as a tool by which to curb the expansion of Chinese influence on the African continent. Unfortunately, developed countries have often used it as a means of pressure to promote their interests and undermine the rapid growth of developing and emerging countries, thereby contributing to slowing the pace of their economic and political rise.

 In light of the above, we should not ignore the strategies of some countries based on using the concepts of governance and transparency to achieve political objectives. This opens the door wide and seriously to raise a dialectic:

How does the West exploit all the concepts of sustainable development at the economic and political level to confront the influence of Chinese global investment, specifically on the African continent?

Sustainable Governance, State and Role of Individuals: Dilemma of contradiction Between Economics and Politics

 

By Salam Al Rabadi

 

It is clear that many of the developments related to the “Covid_19” pandemic have led to a change in the economic and political facts and data related to the debates on the status of the state, sustainable governance and the role of individuals..etc, which in its entirety revolve around the dialectic of the fundamental contradiction between the globalization of the economy on the one hand and the nationalism of politics on the other. It is the dialectic that can be expressed by the following problematic question:

 

To what extent can the state maintain its position and functions? What is the possibility of achieving sustainable governance?

 

In principle, it can be said that one of the most complexities and dilemmas that prevents access to sustainable governance, is still closely related to the problematic of contradiction in the development of both economics and politics. The economy is logically and to some extent always moving towards the global, while politics is still practiced primarily locally or nationally. Here, the division or contradiction appears in the relationship between authority, responsibility and accountability to some extent, so that we find that there is a global economic authority versus a national or local political responsibility in which the use of authority is concentrated. This contradiction hinders the possibility and effectiveness of achieving and consolidating the principles of sustainable governance at all levels.

 

Therefore, in order to reconcile between domestic politics and the global economy, the point of balance between them must be based on sustainable governance, which is based on the principle of interdependence between political and economic concepts on the one hand, and the principles of transparency, accountability and participation on the other, here the individual (as a citizen or as a consumer ) can be the judgment or equilibrium by which that lost balance can be achieved. Which we need at the level of the possibility of achieving sustainable governance.

 

As each of the political and economic forces are trying to win over individuals to their side, whether on the economic or political level( the individual is, on the one hand, a voter, and on the other, a consumer). In the economic field, despite all the problematic of inequality and distributive justice, the individual consumer still holds the initiative at the economic level, based on his being the basis, goal and reference of commercial forces in all their forms. In addition, the individual citizen is the basis of political authority according to the democratic process and the electoral vote, as it still has a significant impact on the level of determining political orientations.

 

Based on this, the individuals on whom the political and economic systems are based must assume responsibility, engage and participate in the process of creating that influence and pressure to confront the monopolies and control of capitalist, security, political, media and even academic elites, in order to be the mainstay in achieving accountability, participation and transparency policies on which governance is based.

Where governance policies should not be limited to structural reforms or protest in the streets and at the ballot box. Rather, the sustainability and process of governance must be supported by directly holding monopoly forces accountable through a culture of consumption, as spending or saving money may lead to desired ends. This logic or direction of direct action may be better and more effective than traditional forms of political and economic expression.

 

In light of global markets trying to evade the rules and restrictions of accounting, the role of the individual (the consumer) appears as a force to be reckoned with. It can no longer be ignored that individuals all over the world are now turning to political shopping more than towards electoral voting. Thus, participation in the economic boycott process and the trend towards political shopping (so to speak) is a positive indicator that indicates that the individual consumer's political activity has begun to move in the right direction. Where the increasing activity and influence of economic forces, and the corresponding unclear political will, results in a growing realization that political shopping is a more effective form of sustainable governance.

 

Where it seems that consumption or political shopping has begun to replace traditional citizenship, as it is the tool that enables the individual (as a citizen or consumer), to impose accountability and correct public policies in a more serious and practical manner. In light of financial greed, political indifference and the absence of responsibility among many technocratic elites and market forces, individuals can assume responsibility and participation in achieving sustainable governance by adopting political shopping policies as a strategy or a new form of effective accountability.

 

To sum up, in practice we must admit that while the social contract that binds peoples and governments is becoming increasingly fragile, it seems that the pressure and influence of individuals is making a real impact in the face of monopolistic forces and corruption. That effect, which governments or even some international institutions cannot bring, and which may be fundamentally unwilling to do so.

“Covid 19” And Problematics Of The Concept Of Political Violence

 

Dr. Salam Al Rabdi \ Author And Researcher In International Relations

Violence is one of the means used in politics, regardless of its legitimacy and its philosophical ethics, and also away from the dialectics of social contract theory or human nature that revolve around the human instinct and the struggle for survival. Based on this, it can be said that the rationale of the relationship between violence and politics raise many problematics, as from an analytical point of view there is a difficulty in the possibility of a precise and clear separation between violence and politics, and it happens due to the cultural and ideological background by which an action or behavior can be judged as falling In the category of political violence or vice versa. For example, political violence related to resistance to occupation according to certain culture may be a legitimate and legal act, and in return the same act may be according to another culture an illegal act, that falls under the category of terrorist practices.

It is worth mentioning in this context the difficulty of defining and enumerating political, economic, cultural and even legal issues and actions that can be described as political violence. For example, to the present day there is no global agreement on a comprehensive and clear definition of political violence related to terrorism, and the same applies to the definition of the crime of aggression issued by the General Assembly of the United Nations, which still carries with it many interpretations and diligences.

In this context related to the problematic of the concept of political violence, many question marks can be raised, which revolve around:

1- How to classify the economic sanctions imposed by some countries or issued by the UN Security Council: Are they violent and inhumane political acts and means?  Or are they a legitimate political sovereign action?

2- How to classify the media policies that encourage and incite violence. Do these policies fall under the category of incitement to political violence and support for terrorism? Or do these policies fall under the category of freedom of expression?

3- How difficult it is to classify political violence in terms of its source, whether it is emanating from states, individuals or non-governmental organizations, not to mention the difficulty of separating each of them?

4- How to classify corruption as one of the most dangerous forms of political violence based on modern concepts used in approaching corruption problematics?

5- How to classify violence related to comprehensive human security, such as environmental, health, technological, and biological violence..etc?

According to this group of question marks, it seems that there is an urgent need to clarify the idea that political violence is not only conditional on the association with physical violence or concrete  violence, there may be more severe and influential economic and cultural violence at of all political levels. In addition, what complicates matters on a philosophical and realistic level is that most political theories that base their analysis on the assumption that the state as a political institution (which possesses the legitimacy of violence within and outside its borders) is the main actor on the world stage, has been categorically overridden with the increasing influence of Individuals, NGOs, transnational corporations ..etc. Also, the criteria of power itself have changed and are no longer measured only by the extent of the ability to use legitimate violence represented by political power, and are no longer confined to the traditional form associated ith classic economic power or conventional military power.

Consequently, and based on the development in the nature of contemporary human issues, work must be taken to create a new critical political vision for everything related to the criteria for how to understand political violence in all its forms. In this regard, we are obliged as a result of the ethical dilemmas associated with many issues (such as issues of climate change and the environment, and everything related to the biotechnology revolution and gene manipulation, as well as the implications of artificial intelligence.etc) to reconsider many concepts, especially with the presence of new terms related to contemporary political violence, such as environmental violence, technological violence, biological violence, algorithmic bias violence and health violence..etc.

Perhaps one of the brightest evidences for the importance of finding a new critical view of the concept of political violence are those accelerating developments at the level of global health security resulting from the repercussions of the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, was accompanied by many violent and unusual manifestations in global politics that are related to health issues, such as exchanging accusations about the causes of the pandemic or wars of masks and medical devices ... etc.,  which confirm the extent of the new changes in the concept and standards of political violence.

In light of the foregoing, we can say that, despite the existence of many initiatives that try to develop a logical critical vision on how to approach the concept of political violence, but unfortunately it is traditional, and it is characterized by its inability to create a new intellectual framework capable of understanding the emerging phenomena and practices, which are related to the philosophy of political violence. As well as it is ignoring to a large extent most of the aforementioned problematics and dialectics, as it seems to be still centered around a classic vision of the era of modernity, that already has been surpassed it . 

We are currently in the era of Postmodernism, Post-truth and Post-humanism which has dropped all axioms and postulates, that it is era of the methodology of skepticism and atomization that we need, despite all the problematic controversies in that methodology.

GOBERNANZA GLOBAL Y COVID-19: DIALÉCTICA DE PRIORIDADES Y CAPACIDADES

 

Dr. Salam Al Rabadi*

 

 

Artículo traducido al español por el Equipo de la SAEEG. 2020 \ Argentina.

 

Sobre la base de una evaluación de las políticas y estrategias que se han adoptado para hacer frente a las repercusiones económicas y financieras de la pandemia mundial de Covid 19, además de aumentar la presión como resultado de los difíciles desafíos para todos los países sobre el déficit a nivel de los presupuestos públicos, podemos decir que todos los esfuerzos de los políticos y economistas para encontrar nuevas oportunidades y alternativas en todos los sectores no han logrado los resultados deseados. Hay que señalar que el problema básico en el mundo moderno en una relación nivelada entre el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento económico es el de la brecha entre ricos y pobres. Por lo tanto, podemos hacer la siguiente pregunta:

 

¿Estamos en la era de la economía para la economía y no para la sociedad?

 

Lejos de teorizar y de acuerdo con las estadísticas y datos sobre la brecha económica (si tenemos en cuenta que el mayor porcentaje de los ciudadanos son trabajadores o están empleados o con ganas de emplearse), se debe reconocer que la economía está creciendo lejos del mercado laboral y tiene un impacto negativo en este sector más que en otros sectores. Además, si los hechos basados en el interés público siguen siendo el criterio principal para evaluar una política económica exitosa, podemos decir que la economía ya no funciona en beneficio de los pueblos. En consecuencia, es evidente que la brecha entre los principales empresarios y los dueños de la riqueza, por un lado, y los salarios de los trabajadores, por otro, hará crecer las dudas sobre la seguridad de la comunidad.

 

Por lo tanto, si el libre comercio y la circulación de capitales están iniciando el crecimiento y el bienestar, y si los objetivos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) alcanzarán en el futuro a eliminar las restricciones cuantitativas, unificar todos los derechos de aduana y hacer del mundo una zona de libre comercio, aquí se deben plantear interrogantes sobre si:

 

¿Conducirán estas políticas y objetivos a exacerbar las crisis económicas y sociales? ¿O será un punto positivo de cambio y transformación?

 

Se ha hecho evidente que la competencia entre países (ya sean industriales o en desarrollo) para reducir los salarios o el salario dará lugar a resultados desastrosos. Esto no aumentará el bienestar de las comunidades, sino que aumentará la rigidez del doloroso estatus social. Cabe señalar en este contexto que los salarios más bajos se reflejan en los precios de las materias primas y que se benefician de ellos directamente los consumidores de altos ingresos (que no han perdido nada de sus ingresos como resultado de la reducción del costo de producción). Por otro lado, son las clases medias y bajas las que pierden parte de sus ingresos y se ven más afectadas que otras (están más afectadas). Partiendo de esta realidad, no podemos ignorar la siguiente dialéctica:

 

¿Quién soportará las mayores cargas económicas como resultado de las crisis asociadas a la pandemia Covid-19? ¿el capital o los trabajadores?

 

En el pasado, la ecuación económica reflejaba más de cerca la creciente brecha entre los ricos y los pobres: los ricos se enriquecen y los pobres se vuelven más pobres. Pero ahora, a la luz de los hechos existentes actuales, esta ecuación ya no es suficiente para aclarar el panorama, ya que ha quedado claro que una nueva fórmula ha surgido sobre la base del siguiente principio:

 

¿Los ricos se hacen más ricos y los pobres son cada vez más pobres?

 

Del mismo modo, en caso de una lectura cuidadosa de la realidad económica actual y basada en el patrón económico que siguen los gobiernos, donde se está trabajando para aumentar la carga fiscal sobre el sector laboral y los trabajadores, sin mencionar que el aumento de las exenciones fiscales y las facilidades proporcionadas por los gobiernos a las empresas transnacionales, estos patrones económicos y financieros conducirán inevitablemente a un deterioro, y la reducción de los ingresos financieros en los presupuestos públicos de los países, que estos gobiernos tratan de compensar esta disminución de los ingresos es mediante el aumento de los impuestos a otras clases (pobres) o mediante la reducción de los servicios sociales (especialmente la atención sanitaria y educativa).

 

En este contexto, al hacer un seguimiento de las repercusiones económicas y sociales de la pandemia de Covid 19, se puede decir que hay un defecto moral y económico a nivel de gobernanza mundial cuando sabemos que hay una alta velocidad en la provisión de dinero para encontrar soluciones a las crisis financieras y económicas mundiales. En comparación con eso hay prudencia y miseria extrema cuando se trata de financiar programas humanitarios con relativamente poco costo.

 

Por ejemplo, sólo necesitamos decenas de miles de millones al año para eliminar el hambre y la desnutrición en todo el mundo (y las Naciones Unidas han aprobado varios programas diferentes para lograr este objetivo), pero estos programas siguen en papel, sólo debido a la falta de disponibilidad de los fondos necesarios. Esto es también lo que se puede concluir previamente a nivel de apoyo a proyectos y programas mundiales relacionados con la lucha contra epidemias y enfermedades infecciosas, así como esta realidad se aplica actualmente al nivel de dificultades a las que se enfrentan las Naciones Unidas (ONU) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), con el fin de obtener los fondos necesarios para apoyar la investigación científica relacionada con la pandemia de Covid 19, lejos de las estrategias políticas, los intereses de los estados, o las políticas de explotación económica. 

 

En conclusión y a la luz de cómo los países y las instituciones mundiales abordan los dilemas de la pandemia Covid-19, estos hechos trágicos (lejos de las dimensiones ideológicas en el estudio y la evaluación de la economía mundial) nos plantean esta pregunta dialéctica lógica que suscita mucha controversia:

 

¿El problema reside en las prioridades y opciones estratégicas de los países? ¿O es de hecho un problema de las capacidades reales disponibles para los estados?

 

* Doctor en Filosofía en Ciencia Política y en Relaciones Internacionales. Actualmente preparando una segunda tesis doctoral: The Future of Europe and the Challenges of Demography and Migration, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, España. 

 

https://saeeg.org/index.php/2020/10/09/gobernanza-global-y-covid-19-dialectica-de-prioridades-y-capacidades/

COVID 19 in The Arab World: Theocratic Answers To Political Questions

Salam Al Rabadi: Author and Researcher

in International Relations

 

The Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) \ 8 May 2020

https://russiancouncil.ru/en/blogs/salam_alrabadi-en/covid-19-in-the-arab-world-theocratic-answers-to-political-questions/

The transformations created by the so-called Arab Spring and currently the Corona virus epidemic, have not been able to bring about fundamental changes in societal perceptions of politics, the state, self and the other, where Arab thought (to some extent) still adheres to the principle of linking the philosophy of authority to the religious faith issue. Thus, if all that is seen in governmental policies is corruption and usurpation of power, but what it does not see is that all of these policies reflect the reality of our metaphysical society. Where, the evaluation of power and its exercise cannot be sought in the world of occultism. Here we can say that all interpretations (whether theocratic or metaphysical) have failed to reach a logical conclusion regarding the topic of searching for sources of authority or the facing crucial challenges.

Accordingly, the rational search for the source and exercise of power does not require any kind of trend towards metaphysical matters, in order to emphasize the identity of our societies that are not confident in themselves politically and psychologically. And this reality has exhausted the capabilities of the nation previously in intellectual problematics about what it is, and relationship with the different other(the West), to reach now to, this level of collision with our identity itself. Consequently, we have to face that paradoxical thought, based on colliding dichotomies.

Here, a number of questions must be raised about the available intellectual and political options, other than bilateral collision with the other or with ego itself. Hence, it is logical that this dialectical reality requires the search for a critical reading of theocratic thought, in order to direction towards a new intellectual vision, which is based on the fact that theocratic answers to political questions are no longer sufficient in shaping the features of the future, or even contribute to find a vaccine, for the emerging Coronavirus (COVID19).

On the contrary, these answers have become a title of the closed path that our Arab societies have reached. Accordingly, the logical direction of developments in the Arab world after the crisis of the global epidemic can only be towards critical thought, and this thought will be able to stand on its own feet after standing long on its head. This of course if it is correct to define the ideology, as awareness Inverted, standing on his head.

 

 

Global Economy & Problematics: Priorities, Opportunities

Salam Al Rabadi: Author and Researcher in International Relations

There are no real globalization even the minimum with respect to the labor market. Although the free movement of goods, services, and capital but various obstacles and restrictions put in place to prevent workers from moving freely between countries. Addition to increasing pressure as a result of the difficult challenges for all countries on the deficit in the government budget level.

Also, all the efforts of politicians and economists to find new opportunities and alternatives in all sectors have not achieved the desired results. And higher the level of trade in goods and services across international borders freely in return increasing difficulties. Thus it must be recognized by the fact that free trade is growing away from the labor market. But it leaves a negative impact on this sector. It must be noted the basic problem in the modern world on a level relationship between sustainable development and economic growth are:

The problem of the gap between the rich and the poor. So do we in the era of the economy for the economy and not for the community?

Far from theorizing and according to the statistics and data on the economic gap (If we take into account that the largest percentage of citizens are workers or employees are gainfully employed), we can say that the economy is no longer working for the benefit of the peoples. The facts based on the public interest will remain the primary criterion to evaluate the successful economic policy. Accordingly, it is obvious that the gap between the leading entrepreneurs and the owners of wealth on the one hand and the salaries of the workers, on the other hand, it will growing doubts about the safety of the community.

So if the Free trade and movement of capital are initiating the growth and wellbeing and if we able to initiate the World Trade Organization goals to cancel quantitative restrictions and the unification of all duties and make the world a free trade area by the year 2020:

Are these policies and objectives will lead to a deepening of the labor market crisis? Or is it will serve as a point of change and positive transformation?

Addition to that the competition between countries (Whether industrial or developing ) to cut wages or salary will lead to disastrous results. This will not increase the well-being of communities but will increase the rigidity of the painful social status. The markdown in wages is reflected in the prices of goods and benefit from it directly to the owner of the high-income consumer who has not lost a bit of his income as a result of reducing the cost of production. In contrast, the middle and lower classes are that you lose part of their income and they are more affected. Based on this we can not ignore the dialectical:

Who should bear the burden: capital or workers?  

Governments increase the tax burden on the responsibility of the labor sector.Also, the tax exemptions and facilities provided by governments to transnational corporations resulted a decline in the financial state revenues which compensated it for by increasing taxes on other social classes or by reducing the social services and health care. In the past: the equation was the more reflective of the widening gap between rich and poor that: The rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. But now under the current list facts, this equation is no longer sufficient to clarify the picture. Where it is clear the emergence of a new formula based on the principle:

The rich become richer and the poor are getting poorer and at a faster rate?

There is surprise or shock when we know there is high-speed in the provision of money solve the global financial and economic crisis compared to that there is cautious and stingy when it comes to financing modest programs for the benefit of humanity. 

For example, only we need to tens of billions annually to eradicate hunger and malnutrition in the whole world. And the United Nations has endorsed several different programs to achieve this goal. But this programs still on paper only due to lack of availability of the necessary funds???

These tragic facts (away from the ideological dimensions in study and evaluation of the global economy) put us in front of the dialectical next logical question:

Is the problem lies in the strategic priorities and options to states? Or Is it, in fact, the problem of the actual possibilities available to States?

Water Issue in International Relations

Salam AL Rabadi: Prospects of Strategy

http://russiancouncil.ru/en/blogs/salam_alrabadi/?id_4=3196

Necessary and very important for us study the issue of water in international relations in order to try to  cast a spotlight on the thorny topics and problems dealing with human life and his future in the fields of security, politics, economy, knowledge, culture. They reflect the reality of global variables, associated with a range of strategic themes in terms of world politics. Including: Global governance and ecological political, The effects of technological progress, Limits of military power, Human rights and sustainable development, Energy and natural resources, Demographic issue and food security, The problematic relationship between industrialized countries and developing countries.

The global changes related to the question of water and clearly shows us that the level of security in international relations has changed profoundly. The issue of water feed us with a package of information and impressions which takes us to new heights about the prospects for a renewed centered to keep pace with the movement of the world and its issues fixed and mobile.

So that we can understand and grasp the new patterns no longer for us feasible relying on classic debate instruments to read what is going on in the era of post-modernity and to understand the changes and transformations  in order to framing renewable facts in international relations.

If the ultimate goal of the postmodern world is access to sustainable development in a comprehensive framework. Thus the human security related to water issues falls in advanced concept of humanity.

And if the water wars and conflicts associated with this act maybe will not be imminent get now for the foreseeable future but inevitably may become imminent in the near term. and here is the question: How to deal with them when they occur? What we do to prevent it? Philosophically: Can the traditional theories of international relations to answer such questions?

1- How can for international relations to manage the conflict over water resources?

2- Are we facing a new international patterns in international relations, is no longer based on the principle of conflict of interest and not on the principle of a clash of civilizations, but on the principle of struggle for survival?

3- Difficult equation in international relations List on: How can we reconcile and improve coordination between the of living and human freedom in the use of resources to meet the needs creating and protecting the environment for future generations.

4- Is there a policy and creative diplomacy can be used in order to find solutions to the problems of scarcity of water resources ? Is there scientific methods can be applied on the ground? Will political and technical institutions able to implement it?

5- Does this mean that in the event of the failure of the political options will be asylum to a market economy option? Thus become water a commodity only subject to the logic of the market. Is it the eternal problem between policy priority and the priority of the economy ?

In the context of global variables, began the turning point in the approach In how to handle with the water issue: It is the main problems raised by the issue of water a fundamental problem relating to Sustainable development and the new context of international relations. The outstanding issues of concern to the whole world no longer exclusively on the states alone. And the nature of those issues or phenomena emerged from what is customary in international relations.

For example, environmental and water problems is the problem between human and nature. It is not a problem between countries through accurate diagnosis of the phenomenon. If ambition is the emergence of a global pattern of values governs the conduct of nations and institutions so will it be the issue of values and transformations in the forefront of intellectual questions current and future?